Local homes sales are in a balanced state despite the lowest April sales numbers since 2001, according to a report by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver.
“Although April sales were below what’s typical for the month, we continue to see, with a sales-to-active listing ratio of nearly 17 per cent, a balanced relationship between buyer demand and seller supply in our marketplace,” Eugen Klein, REBGV president said in a statement.
“Recent activity has had a stabilizing effect on home prices at the regional level, although pricing can vary depending on area and property type.”
According to the monthly report, homes sales and listings have maintained a consistent pace in recent months, contributing to the balanced conditions.
However, the report noted that Metro Vancouver sales totalled 2,799 in April 2012, a 13.2-per-cent decline compared to the 3,225 sales in April 2011 and a decline of 2.6 per cent compared to the 2,874 sales in March 2012.
April sales were the lowest total for the month in the region since 2001 and 16.9 per cent below the 10-year April sales average of 3,369, the board said in a release.
General price declines in B.C. make province 'nation's new weak spot,' according to report
Canada's housing market is not a bubble, it's a balloon. And unlike the catastrophic decline the U.S. housing market experienced in 2008, the market in Canada will deflate slowly rather than pop, according to a report by BMO Capital Markets.
The sole possible exception is Vancouver, where the number of unoccupied condominiums is high due to building the Olympic Village, economists Sherry Cooper and Sal Guatieri wrote in "Will Canada's Housing Boom Forge On, Fizzle Out, or Flame Out?"
But generally, the report says that despite rising household debt, low interest rates and rising home prices, it is unlikely that a sudden correction will take place.
"The main take-away is that the national housing market appears some-what pricey, but is far removed from bubble territory," the report stated.
It compares average resale prices with median family incomes and finds the ratio is 4.9 nationally, compared to 3.2 a decade ago.
In Vancouver, though, where house prices have gone up 159 per cent in the last 10 years - compared to 104 per cent nationally - the ratio of price to income is 10, nearly double what it was a decade ago, the report said. Victoria is also high, at 5.7, but not as high as Toronto, which has a price to income ratio of 6.7.
Montreal has also seen prices rise dramatically - by 153 per cent - and its price-to-income ratio double, but that ratio remains low at 4.5.
Despite rising home prices in most of Canada's major cities, the growth doesn't seem to be excessive, the report said. But elevated valuations could lead to trouble in the event of a shock.
For example, if interest rates were to spike by about four percentage points, the affordability of homes would quickly drop throughout the country. A severe recession would also affect affordability.
But the chance of either of those events happening is unlikely, the report authors stated. Also, except for a few markets, the national housing boom has already cooled.
And British Columbia is now "the nation's new weak spot, with prices generally declining," the report said.
Some of that decline reflects fewer sales of high-end homes.
"[But] some real underlying softness is at play, and will likely continue until valuations improve," the report stated.
Tsur Somerville, director for the Centre for Urban Economics and Real Estate at the Sauder School of Business at UBC, said BMO's report is one of many predicting slight drops or slight increases in the housing market rather than a major correction.
"The kinds of things you need to get major corrections, like oversupply or radical change in the financing environment, just aren't there," Somerville said.
And just because the overall market will be flat, it doesn't mean that certain portions of it - such as areas that have had higher run-ups in prices over the past few years - aren't in for a correction, he said.
Helmut Pastrick, chief economist with Central 1 Credit Union, believes that while there may be a soft landing at some point in the future, it won't be in 2012.
"The market is holding up generally well and it looks like 2012 is going to be fairly similar to 2011 in terms of overall unit sales," Pastrick said. "Housing prices will go up by some amount, sales will also increase by a small amount."
And while the economy isn't booming, it is growing, interest rates are low and there is job growth, he said.
"So the conditions to me aren't ripe for a correction."
Meanwhile, Bloomberg reported that Canada's banking regulator fears that Canadian lenders are loosening standards on mortgages that are similar to U.S. subprime loans, posing an "emerging risk" to financial institutions.
Banks and other lenders are becoming "increasingly liberal" with mort-gages and home-equity credit lines that don't require individuals to prove their income, according to documents obtained by Bloomberg under freedom of information law request from the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions.
"Non-income qualified" lending has been added to a list of issues to be considered by OSFI's "emerging-risk committee," Bloomberg reported the documents showing.
Pastrick disputes this finding.
"We're not subprime, not by a long shot," he said.
Lenders in Canada have "credible lending criteria and standards." And while lenders will lower rates to grab market share "credit isn't easy like it was in the U.S.," he said.
Somerville believes the problem is with home equity lines of credit which have become more popular over the year and don't always require income verification.
Not only are lines of credit given out without the same level of super-vision or the same standard of care that is applied to mortgages, they are also junior in seniority to mortgages, Somerville said.
BC Real Estate Association (BCREA) Chief Economist Cameron Muir discusses the July 2011 statistics and an in depth look at the seasonal adjustment of housing statistics.
Vancouver is Canada's most expensive housing market, report says
Vancouver is Canada's most expensive housing market, with average prices for a four-bedroom, two-bathroom home coming in at over $1.546 million, according to the Coldwell Banker Real Estate Home Listing Report.
The report, released Wednesday, is a snapshot survey of average listing prices for four-bedroom, two-bathroom homes in 70 Canadian markets over a six-month period from September 2010 to March this year on coldwellbanker.com.
Vancouver was followed by Kelowna, B.C., at $1.087 million and Burnaby, B.C., at $797,455.
Fort McMurray, Alta., was fourth overall at $652,382 followed by West Kelowna, B.C., ($640,055), Oakville, Ont., ($624,914), Victoria ($540,087), and Surrey, B.C., ($536,109).
Calgary is ranked the ninth, with an average price of $534,912. Sherwood Park, Alta., rounded out the top 10 at $534,850.
In the survey, Vancouver was ranked the third most expensive market in North America behind California's Newport Beach ($2.5 million US) and Pacific Palisades ($1.6 million US).
Windsor, Ont., was Canada's most affordable market at $144,456.
First-time buyers in major Canadian markets move to get in ahead of higher interest rates, says RE/MAX
BC (April 5, 2011) -- Driven by the threat of higher interest rates down the road, first-time buyers are contributing to strong upward momentum in residential housing markets across the country, according to a report released today by RE/MAX.
The RE/MAX First-Time Buyers Report, highlighting trends and developments in nineteen major Canadian centres, found that low interest rates and balanced market conditions have provided significant impetus in 2011, particularly at lower price points. Just over 30 per cent of markets are reporting sales in excess of 2010 levels as a result, while almost 70 per cent have experienced an upswing in average price. Leading the country in terms of percentage increases in the number of homes sold are Western Canadian markets, including Saskatoon (up close to 15 per cent), Greater Vancouver (up close to 12 per cent), and Winnipeg (up just over 11 per cent). With an average price hike of close to 20 per cent year-to-date (February), Greater Vancouver continues to show unprecedented strength, followed by Hamilton-Burlington (eight per cent), Quebec City (seven per cent), Winnipeg (close to seven per cent), Greater Toronto (five per cent), and Greater Montreal (five per cent).
“With the Canadian economy on firmer footing overall, residential real estate is well-positioned moving into the traditionally busy spring market,” says Elton Ash, Regional Executive Vice President, RE/MAX of Western Canada. “Consumer confidence is climbing in conjunction with economic performance, and concerns over a secondary recession fade with each passing day. The mood is cautiously optimistic as first-time buyers enter the market.”
Inventory levels, while tight in several larger centres, are more balanced overall, giving first-time buyers a good selection of housing product from which to choose. Not surprisingly, condominium apartments and town homes have become the first step for many entry-level purchasers, especially in Greater Vancouver, Victoria, Kelowna, Edmonton, Calgary, London-St. Thomas, Hamilton-Burlington, Greater Toronto, the Island of Montreal, and Halifax-Dartmouth where average prices have risen unabated in recent years.
“Despite homeownership rates approaching 70 per cent, there is clearly room for growth as entry-level buyers make their moves from coast-to-coast, undeterred by higher housing values and changes to lending criteria” says Michael Polzler, Executive Vice President, RE/MAX Ontario-Atlantic Canada. “Many purchasers intent on realizing homeownership are scaling back on expectations or are willing to sacrifice location, quality and/or size to make their dream a reality – not unlike generations before them.”
Changes to recent financing criteria have not created the anticipated run up in activity in most markets. From a financial standpoint, most rookie home buyers remain quite prudent. Those making the leap are not doing it lightly, buying within their means. While this most recent round of policy tightening will likely have a negligible effect on demand, the message is getting across.
Affordability remains a growing concern in most markets, and—aside from first-time purchasers—no one is more in tune with that than housing planners and developers. In fact, the growing demand for reasonably-priced product is creating a shift in the country’s housing mix. That trend is expected to gain traction in coming years, as builders look to create greater options for those seeking to realize homeownership. In recent years, builders have helped ease the move to homeownership by concentrating on intensification—condominium buildings with smaller suites and small-lot subdivisions offering detached, compact homes at a fraction of the cost of a traditional single-family home. On the flip side, the affordability factor is also breathing new life into tired older neighborhoods, and that, in turn, is contributing to rising values.
As prices escalate, first-time buyers are indeed spending more—some out of necessity, but others are simply in a position to do so. Unlike in years past—a greater percentage of today’s first-time buyer pool is comprised of dual-income, college or university-educated couples with solid earnings. They’re spending close to average price or slightly more to secure—in most cases—a better location or a home that will grow with them. Yet, the fact remains that those on a tighter budget can get in for considerably less, with reasonable choices in every major market across the country. While some may feel discouraged by eroding affordability levels, the underlying confidence in the concept of homeownership is rising.
“While market conditions are one thing that influences first-time buyers, few things trump the fundamental belief in homeownership,” says Sylvain Dansereau, Executive Vice President, RE/MAX of Quebec. “Today’s entry-level buyers are steadfast in their mindset. They know they have to live somewhere, but they simply don’t want to pay someone else’s mortgage. Savvy or practical, they remain a driving force. The bottom line is that the demand for entry-level product will remain steady. The role of starter homes in the marketplace is becoming ever more vital.”
Chinese investment surge hits Metro Vancouver housing market
Stable Canadian economy and good quality of life is luring 'planeloads' of overseas buyers eager to invest
When real estate entrepreneur Cam Good hosted a group of predominantly mainland Chinese investors this Wednesday at a White Rock condo showing, he was tapping into a market that's surging across much of Metro Vancouver.
Good, president of The Key, a Vancouver-based sales and marketing firm that's focusing on a new wave of Chinese buyers, figures he's sold more than 500 homes to mainland Chinese investors and immigrants in January and February in Vancouver and Toronto.
He's also opened an office in Beijing's business district -The Key China -where Chinese buyers can purchase Canadian condos from a presentation centre and view videos that showcase various condo developments and the virtues of Canada.
"[Chinese investors] have really picked up a lot of steam in the last two or three months," Good said in an interview. "And I believe this is just the tip of the iceberg. There's an über-wealthy upper class forming and there's a strong middle class growing in China. This massive middle class is now getting to a point where they can afford international real estate. And Canada is viewed by the Chinese as a very stable place to put their money.
"There are literally planeloads of Chinese coming here to buy real estate."
Wednesday's attraction was Avra, a 17-storey condominium tower that's slated to be built over the next two years, and Good took along a busload of investors -some from China and some already living here -and their agents to view the plans.
But it's not just condos that are attracting Chinese buyers, with single-family homes and large lots topping the list.
Across the Lower Mainland, especially Richmond and Vancouver's west side, mainland Chinese buyers and immigrants are becoming a major part of the market, in some cases competing with each other through multiple offers.
But the phenomenon is starting to spread to other areas including Burnaby, West Vancouver, White Rock and beyond.
"We predict that this will be a dominant trend for a long time," Scott Brown, senior vicepresident, Western Canada for Colliers International residential marketing, said in an interview. "Some of the most expensive [Vancouver] real estate is only being marketed to Chinese buyers. And Vancouver and Toronto are very popular."
According to a report on new multi-family home sales in the Lower Mainland by Colliers, which recently opened a dedicated office in Shanghai to deal with the increasing demand, a total of 2,711 new multi-family units were sold in the region in the fourth quarter of 2010, making it the most active quarter of the past year.
"As in each quarter in 2010, the health of the market is expected to continue to be positively impacted by increasing Asian immigrant and investment demand," the report, prepared by Colliers and Urban Analytics, concluded.
Scott said the expected offshore demand will continue to be "the dominant story in 2011 that it was in every quarter of 2010 especially in Vancouver-west, Metrotown and Richmond."
The demand for Vancouver properties appears to be fuelled by many factors -including, ironically, a crackdown on property purchases in mainland China that may be moving much of that investment overseas, particularly to Canada.
Local real estate companies are tapping into the demand, which realtors say is also partly fuelled by an easing of travel restrictions by China with the granting of approved destination status to Canada.
As well, local Vancouver area Chinese-language newspapers are being used by realtors and agents to specifically target mainland Chinese buyers, citing Canada and Vancouver's stability and strong local real estate returns.
A recent report in the China Daily, a state-run publication based in Beijing, said Canada was "the most popular choice" for overseas investors while "growing restrictions on property purchases in major Chinese cities [are driving] the country's nouveau riche to look overseas for investment opportunities."
The newspaper noted that most overseas property purchases are motivated by a combination of factors including immigration, education and investment, with Canada, Australia and the U.K. topping the list of destinations.
The China Daily report also said buyers from the Chinese mainland represent between 40 and 50 per cent of the current market for pre-sale projects in Vancouver.
But China's effort to cool an overheating market is just one reason investment is pouring into Canada.
Brown believes there are many factors, especially Canada's image as a great country to live in and a safe place to invest money. "There's no one easy answer, but one of the main drivers is [they] believe that having their children educated in Canada [is good]. The other driver is that Vancouver is a beautiful, livable city and they want to buy their own piece of it."
One recent buyer is former Beijing resident Yang Yang, who moved to B.C. with her husband and young daughter last summer, purchased a detached house in Surrey, and accompanied Good to the White Rock condo showing.
"We prefer the peaceful life here," Yang said in an interview. "Beijing is very crowded and the air pollution is bad there."
Yang said that she and her husband, an IT engineer, are considering a condo at Avra as a place to retire when they no longer need their larger home.
Yang's realtor, Hong Lui, with Interlink Realty in Richmond, said she first noticed a surge in mainland Chinese interest last spring and it's grown increasingly stronger, with a mix of investors, including those who want to immigrate to Canada and others who are looking here after the Chinese government restricted their ability to own several homes.
Richmond MacDonald Realty realtor David Lindsay said: "January and February has been almost exclusively mainland Chinese buyers of big lots, with a house of little value on it. And we're getting multiple offers."
He said, for example, that a typical lot in the Seafair area, which sold for $800,000 in October, is now selling in the $1.2-million range. "I sold one last Sunday and we had four offers. The winning bid was $1.03 million. It was on the market for $968,000." Lindsay believes there's speculation is going on, because some buyers are getting an accepted contract with a clause that allows them to assign the contract to a third party before the sale is completed. "One buyer didn't even set foot on the property."
Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver president Jake Moldowan said he believes lifestyle is the core reason for the interest. "Vancouver is an extremely desirable place to be."
He said that Richmond lots are now going for $1 million to $1.3 million. "And I know that there have been realtors from Hong Kong and mainland China, who fly over there, put packages together, and then bring people over."
Meanwhile, Bosa Properties announced this week that its 34-storey Sovereign tower in Burnaby's Metrotown sold out immediately, surpassing the single day sales record in the Burnaby market by selling $98-million worth of real estate.
Resale housing market shows further improvement in January
(CREA Monthly Report)
National resale housing activity climbed further in January 2011, according to statistics released today by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA). Seasonally adjusted national home sales activity rose 4.5 per cent in January 2011 compared to the previous month, reaching the highest level since April 2010. Led by Vancouver and Toronto, seasonally adjusted sales activity posted monthly gains in more than half of all local Canadian markets in January. National sales activity has improved steadily since last summer, and now stands almost 25 per cent above the low point reached in July 2010.
Realtor Bob Rennie dodged questions Thursday morning about whether taxpayers would even come close to breaking even on the Olympic Village development.
Hosting a media launch about sales that start Friday at what’s now branded The Village on False Creek, he said Rennie Marketing Systems was working to stabilize the city’s asset and to maximize revenue.
Rennie said he sees the downtown condo market stabilizing and the real estate market reviving from its recent slump.
Instead of aiming to sell approximately 480 unsold units like he did last May after the 2010 Winter Games ended and the property was returned to developer Millennium Water and the city, Rennie aims to sell 230 condos in two areas of the village. Of the 737 condos at the village, 263 have sold, most of them in 2007. Friday’s launch is the third time the units have gone on sale.
Receiver Ernst and Young has contracted with a company to rent approximately 114 units to get the “ghost town” populated fast. Those units don’t include the 119 rental units purpose-built by the developer or the city’s 252 market rental, co-op and below-market rental units in the village.
Rennie blamed slow sales after the Games on bad timing due to a sluggish economy.
“I do not believe we ever had a product problem,” Rennie said. “What I do have is a pricing problem, and that pricing problem on May 15 was compounded by the fact that there was 480 units for sale and people didn’t see any sense of urgency and everybody just moved to the sidelines and folded their arms.”
He’s confident the prices are appropriate now. He said market testing done before the latest sales launch attracted 31 offers in 10 days. They included 12 for units that cost more than $900,000, 11 offers for units priced from $600,000 to $900,000 and eight offers for units under $600,000.
Seven chairs sat outside the sales centre at 5 p.m. on Wednesday. Fourteen chairs labelled with people’s names were positioned outside the sales centre just before 11 a.m. Thursday morning. The sales centre was to open at noon Thursday with sales to begin Friday. Rennie said he was giving a tour to 1,058 realtors through the site yesterday starting at 2 p.m.
Prices for the unsold units have been reduced an average of 30 per cent from May 2010 rates. Rennie said rates on the lower priced units weren’t reduced much—a studio now goes for $349,500 to $354,900—but prices on larger units that were priced at $1.5 million saw greater reductions.
He aims to sell 60 units in 60 days.
He noted the receiver for the village, Ernst and Young, has been tackling building deficiencies and that regular new home warranties protect owners.
Only a bank and a private liquor store operate at the village. Rennie said London Drugs is eying population numbers, negotiations are underway with an unnamed grocery store—previously the grocery seller was meant to be Urban Fare—and a consultant has been hired to focus on leasing the other commercial spaces.
The city is owed $740 million for the development.
More Canadians were on move in 2010 and they were mostly headed West
TORONTO - A new report from the TD Bank suggests that Canadians are taking the phrase "Go West, young man" seriously.
More Canadians were on the move last year as a percentage of the population than any year since 1998, the bank says.
And most were headed West to take advantage of better job prospects and higher standards of living.
The analysis shows 337,000 Canadians migrated within the country's border's last year, 45,000 more than in 2009. The level represents about one per cent of the total population, the highest since 1998.
Except for New Brunswick, only Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia experienced a net inflow of people last year.
And the report predicts that westward bound migration will continue over the next two years, although not up to the levels seen during the resource boom prior to the recession.
In relative terms, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island are losing the most people. Ontario and Quebec will continue to keep shedding numbers, but by a tiny fraction relative to their populations, the bank said.
Real estate market calm expected to follow hectic 2010 in Metro Vancouver
Home sales forecast to increase modestly across B.C. as prices stabilize
VANCOUVER - If there's one sentence to sum up B.C.'s real estate picture in 2011, it's probably "Let's take a breather."
While Metro Vancouver prices rose fairly sharply over the past year, the same wasn't true in the Interior and other parts of the province where prices were flat and sales stalled.
A combination of low interest rates, relatively stable prices throughout the province and a gradually improving economy helped by the 2010 Winter Olympics brought buyers -- especially first-time buyers -- back into the market after a recessionary slump.
Those conditions are expected to continue in 2011, although interest rates are predicted to gradually rise.
That may keep a lid on housing prices, which are also expected to rise a bit, although less than in 2010.
However, there will be no repeat of 2010's price bump.
"When you look at 2010, we saw fewer sales than 2009 [across B.C.]," Cameron Muir, chief economist for the B.C. Real Estate Association, said in an interview. "Since [July], we've seen a modest increase in consumer demand."
Muir said he expects the province will see that continue into 2011, although the sales numbers aren't expected to post any records or rise above the 10-year average.
"I'd expect housing sales to be around 80,000 to 82,000 units in 2011. We're likely to see a six-to seven-per-cent increase in housing sales this year compared to last year."
Muir said job growth and rising incomes will underpin demand, although higher interest rates in the second half of the year will partly offset the benefits of more economic activity.
"There will be a much more gradual increase in consumer demand and less volatility. There will be more stable market conditions this year."
Robyn Adamache, senior market analyst for Metro Vancouver with Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp., said in an interview that she doesn't see any huge changes this year over 2010.
"We're expecting a slight increase in sales, about five to six per cent, for 2011.
"For 2010, we were around 31,000 sales.
"For 2011, we're expecting 33,000 sales."
However, Adamache said Metro Vancouver should see much less price growth in 2011.
"In 2010, we saw a 14-percent increase in prices.
"We're calling for a three-percent increase in 2011."
Adamache said she expects that mortgage rates will creep up later in 2011, although not dramatically. "So, that will put a bit of a damper on sales."
Tsur Somerville, director of the centre for urban economics and real estate at the University of B.C.'s Sauder School of Business, said he doesn't like forecasting the future, but nevertheless believes that 2011's real estate picture will be largely determined by the speed of the recovery and the Bank of Canada's action on interest rates -- and how that reflects on mortgage rates.
Ron Antalek, a realtor with ReMax Ridge Meadows Realty, said in an interview that he's seeing an uptick in buyers who believe interest rates are heading north.
He believes there will be a modest increase in both pricing and demand this year.
"The vast majority of buyers are convinced that prices won't decline and that interest rates will rise.
"So, they feel their investment is safe.
"Sales are picking up." Mike McDougall recently took possession of a new detached home in Maple Ridge after moving to B.C. from Alberta.
"Hopefully, it was a good time to purchase," McDougall said in an interview.
"From what I hear, it was. I think there's still potential for rates to go up."
McDougall, who moved into his new home on Jan. 12 with his wife and two small children, said he was also comfortable with the price he paid.
B.C. cities, including Victoria, are world-class in their lack of affordability, story and photos
Homes are "severely unaffordable" in all four of the B.C. cities that were included in a 325-city international survey of housing costs, and Vancouver's affordability score was the third-worst of all. The average home in Vancouver, according to data from the third quarter of last year, cost $602,000 -- or 9.5. times the $63,100 median income of households in the city, according to the survey results released Monday by the Winnipeg-based Frontier Centre of Public Policy. Only Sydney, Australia, at 9.6 times the median income, and Hong Kong, at 11.4 times, scored worse.
With their housing prices quite a bit lower but their incomes a little lower, too, Victoria, Abbotsford and Kelowna were -- in that order -- uncomfortably close to Vancouver's 323rd-place finish in the international rankings.
Victoria's average price of $430,000 was 7.1 times the median household income of $60,900, resulting in a ranking of 297th out of 325. Abbotsford's $402,000 average price made it 6.5 times the median household income of $62,300 and 297th in the rankings. And Kelowna finished 283rd with a median income of $57,500 that was 5.9 times the median price of $57,500.
The study pins the "severely unaffordable" label on any city with a multiplier of more than five -- about 75 of the 325 studied, including Montreal and Toronto, but nowhere else in any part of Canada except B.C.
For a housing market to be rated as "affordable" the ratio of price to income can't exceed three times. And in nearly half the 35 Canadian cities surveyed, it is either lower or very close to that mark. In Edmonton, for example, the multiplier is just 3.5, although its low figure is in part thanks to the very high median income of $88,800. And in Winnipeg, where people earn just a little less than in Vancouver, it's 3.2.
The researchers who conducted the survey point out that you can't blame things such as interest rates, or the federal mortgage rules that have recently been in the news for B.C.'s worrisomely high score. These factors are the same everywhere across Canada, yet many other Canadian cities remain affordable. For example, it costs just 2.3 times the median income to buy an average home in Fredericton, a small government-dependent provincial capital where incomes are nearly equal to those in unaffordable Victoria.
So the policy factors that drive prices too high in relation to residents' incomes must be closer to home. David Seymour, a senior policy analyst for the Frontier Centre, and his collaborator on the study, consulting demographer Wendell Cox of St. Louis, finger "politically inflated land costs."
"These land prices include the cost increasing influence of land supply restrictions (such as urban growth boundaries), excessive infrastructure fees and other overly strict land use regulations," they write.
In other words, the problem is not only in Vancouver, where everybody knows housing costs too much, but also in Victoria, Abbotsford, Kelowna and, almost certainly, in all of the other Lower Mainland cities that weren't surveyed. And this problem is world-class, worse here than in most cities in many other developed countries.
But the solution, we ought not forget, can only be local.
Email
All rights reserved by 
